-
1 bě̄dà
bě̄dà Grammatical information: f. ā Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `need, poverty, misery'Page in Trubačev: II 54-56Old Church Slavic:běda `distress, need, necessity' [f ā]Russian:bedá `misfortune, trouble' [f ā]Czech:bída `poverty, misery' [f ā];běda `woe!' [interj]Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Upper Sorbian:běda `grief, woe, misery' [f ā]Lower Sorbian:běda `grief, pain' [f ā]Serbo-Croatian:bijèda `grief, misfortune' [f ā]Slovene:bẹ́da `misery' [f ā]Bulgarian:bedá `misfortune, misery' [f ā]IE meaning: forceCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 117Comments: According to Būga (RR I: 345-346), Lith. bėdà 4 `misfortune, trouble, guilt' is probably not a borrowing from Slavic because it has ė instead of the expected ie (cf. biẽdnas `poor'). Indeed, there seems to be no obvious reason why bėdà and Latv. bę̀da `sorrow, grief, distress' should not be old. These words could be connected with bãdas `hunger' and Skt. bā́dhate `oppress' (Būga l.c., Derksen 1996: 258). However, a dilemma arises if we consider that Slavic běditi `force, persuade' cannot be separated from Go. baidjan `force'. We must either declare the Baltic forms borrowings or assume that in Slavic *běd- < *bhoidh- and *běd- < *bʰēdʰ- were contaminated (cf. Anikin 1998: 39). In the latter case OCS běda `distress' and `necessity' would continue different roots. This is a possibility which cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that Lith. baidýti `to scare' < *bʰiH- `to fear' is cognate with *bē̌dà and *běditi (cf. Trubačëv II: 55-56) must be rejected, if only on formal grounds.Other cognates:Alb. be `oath' [f] \{2\}Notes:\{1\} The vocalism of Modern Polish bieda `id.' is of Mazowian origin, cf. biada `woe!'. \{2\} According to Būga (RR I: 345-346), Lith. bėdà 4 `misfortune, trouble, guilt' is probably not a borrowing from Slavic because it has ė instead of the expected ie (cf. biẽdnas `poor'). Indeed, there seems to be no obvious reason why bėdà and Latv. bę̀da `sorrow, grief, distress' should not be old. These words could be connected with bãdas `hunger' and Skt. bā́dhate `oppress' (Būga l.c., Derksen 1996: 258). However, a dilemma arises if we consider that Slavic běditi `force, persuade' cannot be separated from Go. baidjan `force'. We must either declare the Baltic forms borrowings or assume that in Slavic *běd- < *bhoidh- and *běd- < *bʰēdʰ- were contaminated (cf. Anikin 1998: 39). In the latter case OCS běda `distress' and `necessity' would continue different roots. This is a possibility which cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that Lith. baidýti `to scare' < *bʰiH- `to fear' is cognate with *bē̌dà and *běditi (cf. Trubačëv II: 55-56) must be rejected, if only on formal grounds. \{3\} Demiraj prefers *bʰeidʰ-i-s to an ā-stem (1997: 94). -
2 ȍpakъ
ȍpakъ; ȍpako; ȍpaky \{1\} Grammatical information: adv. Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `the other way round'Old Church Slavic:Russian:ópak(o) (dial.) `back, backwards, the other way round' [adv]Czech:Old Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:ȍpāk `the other way round' [adj/adv];Čak. ȍpå̄k (Vrgada) `the other way round' [adj/adv]Slovene:opȃk `backwards, the other way round' [adv], opáka [Gens]Bulgarian:ópak `backwards, the other way round' [adv]Indo-European reconstruction: h₂epo-h₃ekw-Comments: The quantitative variation in the second syllable reflects accentual mobility, as pretonic long vowels were shortened but posttonic long vowels were not. The laryngeal of the second syllable had been lost with compensatory lengthening at an earlier stage.Other cognates:Skt. ápāka- (RV+) `located behind, distant, aside' [adj];Skt. ápākā́ (RV) `behind' [adv];Skt. apākā́t (RV) `behind' [adv];OIc. ǫfugr `turned the wrong way, wrong' [adj] -
3 ȍpako
ȍpakъ; ȍpako; ȍpaky \{1\} Grammatical information: adv. Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `the other way round'Old Church Slavic:Russian:ópak(o) (dial.) `back, backwards, the other way round' [adv]Czech:Old Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:ȍpāk `the other way round' [adj/adv];Čak. ȍpå̄k (Vrgada) `the other way round' [adj/adv]Slovene:opȃk `backwards, the other way round' [adv], opáka [Gens]Bulgarian:ópak `backwards, the other way round' [adv]Indo-European reconstruction: h₂epo-h₃ekw-Comments: The quantitative variation in the second syllable reflects accentual mobility, as pretonic long vowels were shortened but posttonic long vowels were not. The laryngeal of the second syllable had been lost with compensatory lengthening at an earlier stage.Other cognates:Skt. ápāka- (RV+) `located behind, distant, aside' [adj];Skt. ápākā́ (RV) `behind' [adv];Skt. apākā́t (RV) `behind' [adv];OIc. ǫfugr `turned the wrong way, wrong' [adj] -
4 ȍpaky
ȍpakъ; ȍpako; ȍpaky \{1\} Grammatical information: adv. Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `the other way round'Old Church Slavic:Russian:ópak(o) (dial.) `back, backwards, the other way round' [adv]Czech:Old Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:ȍpāk `the other way round' [adj/adv];Čak. ȍpå̄k (Vrgada) `the other way round' [adj/adv]Slovene:opȃk `backwards, the other way round' [adv], opáka [Gens]Bulgarian:ópak `backwards, the other way round' [adv]Indo-European reconstruction: h₂epo-h₃ekw-Comments: The quantitative variation in the second syllable reflects accentual mobility, as pretonic long vowels were shortened but posttonic long vowels were not. The laryngeal of the second syllable had been lost with compensatory lengthening at an earlier stage.Other cognates:Skt. ápāka- (RV+) `located behind, distant, aside' [adj];Skt. ápākā́ (RV) `behind' [adv];Skt. apākā́t (RV) `behind' [adv];OIc. ǫfugr `turned the wrong way, wrong' [adj] -
5 àblo
àblo; àblъ Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `apple'Page in Trubačev: I 41, 44-47Czech:Old Polish:Slovincian:jȧ̃blo `apple' [n o]Slovene:jáblọ `apple, apple-tree' [n o];jábǝɫ `apple-tree' [m o]Bulgarian:jáblo `apple' [n o];jábol `apple' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: aʔb-ōl-s; aʔb-l-oLithuanian:obuolỹs `apple' [m io] 3a;óbuolas (dial.) `apple' [m o];óbulas (Žem.) `apple' [m o] 1Latvian:âbuõls `apple, clover' [m o];Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eb-ōl-; h₂eb-l-IE meaning: appleCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 1Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} Apparently the Latvian words for `apple' and `clover' (dâbuôls, dâbuls, cf. Lith. dóbilas) were mixed up. The same may have happened in Old Prussian, where we have wobilis `clover'. -
6 àblъ
àblo; àblъ Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `apple'Page in Trubačev: I 41, 44-47Czech:Old Polish:Slovincian:jȧ̃blo `apple' [n o]Slovene:jáblọ `apple, apple-tree' [n o];jábǝɫ `apple-tree' [m o]Bulgarian:jáblo `apple' [n o];jábol `apple' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: aʔb-ōl-s; aʔb-l-oLithuanian:obuolỹs `apple' [m io] 3a;óbuolas (dial.) `apple' [m o];óbulas (Žem.) `apple' [m o] 1Latvian:âbuõls `apple, clover' [m o];Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eb-ōl-; h₂eb-l-IE meaning: appleCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 1Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} Apparently the Latvian words for `apple' and `clover' (dâbuôls, dâbuls, cf. Lith. dóbilas) were mixed up. The same may have happened in Old Prussian, where we have wobilis `clover'. -
7 àblъko
àblъko; àblъka; àblъkъ Grammatical information: n. o; f. ā; m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `apple'Page in Trubačev: I 41, 44-47Old Church Slavic:Russian:jábloko `apple' [n o];jáblok (dial.) `apple' [m o]Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:jȁbuka `apple, apple-tree' [f ā];Čak. jȁbuka (Vrgada, Novi, Orbanići) `apple, apple-tree' [f ā];jȁbuko (arch., reg.) `apple' [n o]Slovene:jáboɫka `apple, apple-tree' [f ā];jáboɫkọ `apple' [n o]Bulgarian:jábălka `apple, apple-tree' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: aʔb-ōl-s; aʔb-l-oLithuanian:obuolỹs `apple' [m io] 3a;óbuolas (dial.) `apple' [m o];óbulas (Žem.) `apple' [m o] 1Latvian:âbuõls `apple, clover' [m o];Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eb-ōl-s; h₂eb-l-o-IE meaning: appleCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 1Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} Apparently the Latvian words for `apple' and `clover' (dâbuôls, dâbuls, cf. Lith. dóbilas) were mixed up. The same may have happened in Old Prussian, where we have wobilis `clover'. -
8 àblъka
àblъko; àblъka; àblъkъ Grammatical information: n. o; f. ā; m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `apple'Page in Trubačev: I 41, 44-47Old Church Slavic:Russian:jábloko `apple' [n o];jáblok (dial.) `apple' [m o]Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:jȁbuka `apple, apple-tree' [f ā];Čak. jȁbuka (Vrgada, Novi, Orbanići) `apple, apple-tree' [f ā];jȁbuko (arch., reg.) `apple' [n o]Slovene:jáboɫka `apple, apple-tree' [f ā];jáboɫkọ `apple' [n o]Bulgarian:jábălka `apple, apple-tree' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: aʔb-ōl-s; aʔb-l-oLithuanian:obuolỹs `apple' [m io] 3a;óbuolas (dial.) `apple' [m o];óbulas (Žem.) `apple' [m o] 1Latvian:âbuõls `apple, clover' [m o];Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eb-ōl-s; h₂eb-l-o-IE meaning: appleCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 1Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} Apparently the Latvian words for `apple' and `clover' (dâbuôls, dâbuls, cf. Lith. dóbilas) were mixed up. The same may have happened in Old Prussian, where we have wobilis `clover'. -
9 àblъkъ
àblъko; àblъka; àblъkъ Grammatical information: n. o; f. ā; m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `apple'Page in Trubačev: I 41, 44-47Old Church Slavic:Russian:jábloko `apple' [n o];jáblok (dial.) `apple' [m o]Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:jȁbuka `apple, apple-tree' [f ā];Čak. jȁbuka (Vrgada, Novi, Orbanići) `apple, apple-tree' [f ā];jȁbuko (arch., reg.) `apple' [n o]Slovene:jáboɫka `apple, apple-tree' [f ā];jáboɫkọ `apple' [n o]Bulgarian:jábălka `apple, apple-tree' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: aʔb-ōl-s; aʔb-l-oLithuanian:obuolỹs `apple' [m io] 3a;óbuolas (dial.) `apple' [m o];óbulas (Žem.) `apple' [m o] 1Latvian:âbuõls `apple, clover' [m o];Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eb-ōl-s; h₂eb-l-o-IE meaning: appleCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 1Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} Apparently the Latvian words for `apple' and `clover' (dâbuôls, dâbuls, cf. Lith. dóbilas) were mixed up. The same may have happened in Old Prussian, where we have wobilis `clover'. -
10 dužь
dužь Grammatical information: adj. jo Proto-Slavic meaning: `strong'Page in Trubačev: V 167-168Russian:djúžij `sturdy, hefty, robust, healthy' [adj jo];dúžij (dial.) `strong, healthy' [adj jo]Old Russian:djúžij `strong' [adj jo]Belorussian:dúžy `strong, vigorous' [adj jo]Ukrainian:dúžyj `strong, healthy' [adj jo]Czech:duží (rare) `firm, strong' [adj jo]Slovak:dúži `strong, big, healthy' [adj jo]Polish:dużo `much, many, (16th-18th c.) very' [adv] \{1\}Lithuanian:daũg `much, many' [adv];daũgia (dial.) `much, many' [adv]Latvian:daũdz(i) `much, many' [adv]Comments: If the Polish forms are "Ruthenianisms", there is no objection against positing a root containing a nasal, cf. dęga, dęglъ(jь)i, nedǫgъ. On the other hand, the parallellism between Pl. dużo and Lith. daũgia is suggestive. Possibly, the roots *dǫg- and *dug- were confused (cf. Shevelov 1964: 321-322, ESSJa 25: 126). The latter root may reflect *dʰougʰ-, cf. Go. daug `is useful'.Notes:\{1\} According to Bańkowski (II: 312), duży `strong' and dużo (duże) `very', which are attested since the 16th century, originate from Ukrainian. Duży `big' is recorded sporadically from 1600 onwards and more frequently since the 18th century, while dużo `much, many' occurs only since the 18th century. -
11 esètrъ
esètrъ; esètra Grammatical information: m. o; f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `sturgeon'Page in Trubačev: VI 30-31Russian:osëtr `sturgeon' [m o], osetrá [Gens];osetër (dial.) `sturgeon' [m o]Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:jèsetra `sturgeon' [f ā]Slovene:Bulgarian:esétra `sturgeon' [f ā]Lithuanian:erškẽtas `sturgeon' [m o];erškė́tras (dial.) `sturgeon' [m o] 1 \{1\}Old Prussian:esketres `sturgeon'Page in Pokorny: 18Comments: It seems highly plausible that *jesètra is cognate with *jesera `awn, fishbone', Lith. ešerỹs `perch' and that both etyma belong to PIE *h₂ḱ- `sharp', cf. Lat. acipēnser `sturgeon' < *h₂eḱu-. The Baltic forms are not without problems, however. Forms like erškẽtas and erškė́tras were probably influenced by erškė́tis `thorn' (though it must be admitted that a development erškẽtas < eškẽtras is plausible in itself, cf. Toporov II: 89), but it is clear that the original form contained a k, cf. OPr. esketres, which is absent in Lith. ešerỹs. This may be the familiar intrusive velar which in Baltic frequently arose before s or z. In that case we would have to depart from a Baltic protoform *ekśetras.Notes: -
12 esètra
esètrъ; esètra Grammatical information: m. o; f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `sturgeon'Page in Trubačev: VI 30-31Russian:osëtr `sturgeon' [m o], osetrá [Gens];osetër (dial.) `sturgeon' [m o]Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:jèsetra `sturgeon' [f ā]Slovene:Bulgarian:esétra `sturgeon' [f ā]Lithuanian:erškẽtas `sturgeon' [m o];erškė́tras (dial.) `sturgeon' [m o] 1 \{1\}Old Prussian:esketres `sturgeon'Page in Pokorny: 18Comments: It seems highly plausible that *jesètra is cognate with *jesera `awn, fishbone', Lith. ešerỹs `perch' and that both etyma belong to PIE *h₂ḱ- `sharp', cf. Lat. acipēnser `sturgeon' < *h₂eḱu-. The Baltic forms are not without problems, however. Forms like erškẽtas and erškė́tras were probably influenced by erškė́tis `thorn' (though it must be admitted that a development erškẽtas < eškẽtras is plausible in itself, cf. Toporov II: 89), but it is clear that the original form contained a k, cf. OPr. esketres, which is absent in Lith. ešerỹs. This may be the familiar intrusive velar which in Baltic frequently arose before s or z. In that case we would have to depart from a Baltic protoform *ekśetras.Notes: -
13 evьja
evьja; evьn̨a Grammatical information: f. iā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `granary, drying shed'Page in Trubačev: -Russian:évnja (W. dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];ëvnja (Psk.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];evnjá (dial.) `drying shed without a ceiling' [f jā]Belorussian:ëŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];éŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];jaŭja (dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā] \{1\}Ukrainian:jévnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā]Polish:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: iouiaHLithuanian:jáuja `granary, drying shed, threshing shed' [f ā] 1 \{3\}Latvian:jaũja `threshing floor' [f ā]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: ieu-iH-eh₂IE meaning: granaryCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 512Comments: It is evident that *evьja is a borrowing from Baltic. The Baltic word is a derivative of the word for `grain', Lith. javaĩ, which lacks a Slavic counterpart. The resyllabification of *iau̯-iā to *iau-i̯ā may account for the metatonical acute tone of both the Lithuanian and the Latvian form, if we assume that the original form was *iau̯-ìā. The East Slavic word *ovinъ apparently underwent the e- > o- shift (I do not share Andersen's objections to Trubačëv's Proto-Slavic reconstruction *evinъ, theoretical though it is).Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} The form without -n- has been recorded from 1540 onwards in many different shapes, e.g. ev'ja, jav'ja, evga and javga. According to Anikin (2005: 143), only the form jaŭja is known in the living language. The other forms are limited to areas that were inhabited by Lithuanians.\{2\} Since 1554 many variants have been recorded, e.g. jawia, jawgia, jewia, jowia. \{3\} There are many variants, viz. jáujė, jáujis, jáujas, jáujus. \{4\} The oldest source (1604) has the spelling jawyge (Toporov II: 21). -
14 evьn̨a
evьja; evьn̨a Grammatical information: f. iā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `granary, drying shed'Page in Trubačev: -Russian:évnja (W. dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];ëvnja (Psk.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];evnjá (dial.) `drying shed without a ceiling' [f jā]Belorussian:ëŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];éŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];jaŭja (dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā] \{1\}Ukrainian:jévnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā]Polish:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: iouiaHLithuanian:jáuja `granary, drying shed, threshing shed' [f ā] 1 \{3\}Latvian:jaũja `threshing floor' [f ā]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: ieu-iH-eh₂IE meaning: granaryCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 512Comments: It is evident that *evьja is a borrowing from Baltic. The Baltic word is a derivative of the word for `grain', Lith. javaĩ, which lacks a Slavic counterpart. The resyllabification of *iau̯-iā to *iau-i̯ā may account for the metatonical acute tone of both the Lithuanian and the Latvian form, if we assume that the original form was *iau̯-ìā. The East Slavic word *ovinъ apparently underwent the e- > o- shift (I do not share Andersen's objections to Trubačëv's Proto-Slavic reconstruction *evinъ, theoretical though it is).Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} The form without -n- has been recorded from 1540 onwards in many different shapes, e.g. ev'ja, jav'ja, evga and javga. According to Anikin (2005: 143), only the form jaŭja is known in the living language. The other forms are limited to areas that were inhabited by Lithuanians.\{2\} Since 1554 many variants have been recorded, e.g. jawia, jawgia, jewia, jowia. \{3\} There are many variants, viz. jáujė, jáujis, jáujas, jáujus. \{4\} The oldest source (1604) has the spelling jawyge (Toporov II: 21). -
15 glistъ
glístъ; glīstà Grammatical information: m. o; f. ā Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `worm'Page in Trubačev: VI 128-129Russian:Belorussian:Ukrainian:Czech:hlíst `intestinal worm' [m o];hlísta `intestinal worm' [f ā]Slovak:hlísta `intestinal worm' [f ā]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:glísta `intestinal worm, earth-worm' [f ā];Čak. glȋsta (Orbanići) `worm' [f ā];Čak. glȋs (Orbanići) `worm' [f i], glȋsti [f i]Slovene:glísta `intestinal worm, earth-worm' [f ā]Bulgarian:Lithuanian:glaĩstas `layer of clay, plaster' [m o] 2/4Indo-European reconstruction: glH₁it-to-??Comments: Though masculine o-stems belonging to AP (b) in principle continue old neuters, I am uncertain of this holds for original oxytona, i.e. words that were already oxytone before Dybo's law. Here the reconstruction of an old oxytonon may account for the unexpected absence of a laryngeal in the root, which can now be attributed to the Early Slavic loss of laryngeals in pretonic position. In view of Hirt's law, which would have generated root stress, a reconstruction with a zero grade (*glh1it-tó) is preferable. The semantically different Lith. glaĩstas probably contains a old neuter. -
16 glīstà
glístъ; glīstà Grammatical information: m. o; f. ā Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `worm'Page in Trubačev: VI 128-129Russian:Belorussian:Ukrainian:Czech:hlíst `intestinal worm' [m o];hlísta `intestinal worm' [f ā]Slovak:hlísta `intestinal worm' [f ā]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:glísta `intestinal worm, earth-worm' [f ā];Čak. glȋsta (Orbanići) `worm' [f ā];Čak. glȋs (Orbanići) `worm' [f i], glȋsti [f i]Slovene:glísta `intestinal worm, earth-worm' [f ā]Bulgarian:Lithuanian:glaĩstas `layer of clay, plaster' [m o] 2/4Indo-European reconstruction: glH₁it-to-??Comments: Though masculine o-stems belonging to AP (b) in principle continue old neuters, I am uncertain of this holds for original oxytona, i.e. words that were already oxytone before Dybo's law. Here the reconstruction of an old oxytonon may account for the unexpected absence of a laryngeal in the root, which can now be attributed to the Early Slavic loss of laryngeals in pretonic position. In view of Hirt's law, which would have generated root stress, a reconstruction with a zero grade (*glh1it-tó) is preferable. The semantically different Lith. glaĩstas probably contains a old neuter. -
17 gnǫšati
gnǫšati Grammatical information: v.Page in Trubačev: VI 182Old Church Slavic:gnǫšati sę (Supr.) `be filled with aversion, abhor' [verb], gnǫšǫ [1sg] \{1\}Certainty: -Notes:\{1\} The form gnǫšaaše sę `were filled with aversion' [3sgimpf] could also belong to a verb gnǫsiti sę. -
18 gràbiti
gràbiti Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `seize, grab'Page in Trubačev: VII 97Old Church Slavic:Russian:grábit' `rob, rake' [verb]Polish:grabić `rake, gather' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:grȁbiti `seize, grab, rake' [verb];Čak. grȁbiti (Vrgada) `seize, grab, rake' [verb];Čak. grȁbit (Orbanići) `rake' [verb]Slovene:grábiti `seize, grab, rake' [verb], grȃbim [1sg]Bulgarian:grábja `rob, ramsack, snatch' [verb]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: groʔb-Lithuanian:gróbti `seize' [verb]Latvian:Indo-European reconstruction: gʰreb-Comments: In Balto-Slavic and Germanic, the roots *gʰrebʰ- `dig, rake' and *gʰreb- `seize, grab' were mixed up to a considerable degree (Kortlandt 1988, Derksen 1991: 321-322).Other cognates:OIc. grápa `seize' [verb] -
19 pȗstъ
pȗstъ Grammatical information: adj. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `empty, desolate'Old Church Slavic:Russian:pustój `empty, deserted' [adj o]Czech:pustý `empty, desolate' [adj o]Slovak:pustý `empty, desolate' [adj o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:pȗst `empty' [adj o], pústa [Nomsf];Čak. pȗst (Vrgada, Hvar) `empty' [adj o], pūstȁ [Nomsf], pȗsto [Nomsn]Slovene:pȗst `empty, desolate' [adj o]Bulgarian:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: poustosOld Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: pous-to-??Comments: If the root were *pe/oh₂u- ( LIV s.v.), we would expect fixed stress on an acute syllable. -
20 pьcьlъ
pьcьlъ; pьkъlъ; pьkъlo Grammatical information: m. o; m. o; n. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `pitch, hell'Old Church Slavic:Church Slavic:Russian:péklo `scorching heat, (coll.) hell' [n o]Czech:Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Slovincian:pjìe̯klo `hell' [n o]Serbo-Croatian:pàkao `hell, pitch' [m o];Čak. pakå̃ (Vrgada) `hell, pitch' [m o], paklȁ [Gens];Čak. pakál (Novi) `hell' [m o], paklȁ [Gens];Čak. pakȏl (Hvar) `hell' [m o], pȃkla [Gens];Čak. pakãl (Orbanići) `hell' [m o]Slovene:pǝkǝ̀ɫ `pitch, hell' [m o], pǝklà [Gens]Bulgarian:pắkăl `hell' [m o]Lithuanian:pìkis `pitch' [m io]Latvian:pik̨is `pitch' [m io]Old Prussian:pyculs (EV) `hell'Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} An Isg. pekъlomь ` occurs in the fragments of the Psalterium Sinaiticum that were discovered in 1975.
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